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C A is the analytical concentration of the acid and C H is the concentration the hydrogen ion that has been added to the solution. The self-dissociation of water is ignored. A quantity in square brackets, [X], represents the concentration of the chemical substance X. It is understood that the symbol H + stands for the hydrated hydronium ion.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+, and the pOH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of OH-. For example, the pH of a 0.01M solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is equal to 2 (pH = −log 10 (0.01)), while the pOH of a 0.01M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is equal to 2 ...
An ICE table or RICE box or RICE chart is a tabular system of keeping track of changing concentrations in an equilibrium reaction. ICE stands for initial, change, equilibrium . It is used in chemistry to keep track of the changes in amount of substance of the reactants and also organize a set of conditions that one wants to solve with. [ 1 ]
In particular, the pH of a solution can be predicted when the analytical concentration and pK a values of all acids and bases are known; conversely, it is possible to calculate the equilibrium concentration of the acids and bases in solution when the pH is known. These calculations find application in many different areas of chemistry, biology ...
A smaller H + concentration means a greater OH − concentration and, therefore, a greater K b and a greater pH. NaOH (s) (sodium hydroxide) is a stronger base than (CH 3 CH 2) 2 NH (l) (diethylamine) which is a stronger base than NH 3 (g) (ammonia). As the bases get weaker, the smaller the K b values become. [1]
The molar concentration of hydronium or H + ions determines a solution's pH according to pH = -log([H 3 O +]/M) where M = mol/L. The concentration of hydroxide ions analogously determines a solution's pOH. The molecules in pure water auto-dissociate into aqueous protons and hydroxide ions in the following equilibrium: H 2 O ⇌ OH − (aq) + H ...
A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually or spectroscopically by changes in absorption and/or emission properties. [1] Hence, a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydrogen ions (H +) in the ...
Given that the chemical activity denoted here by { } is the product of the activity coefficient γ by the concentration denoted by [ ]: a i = γ i ·C i, here expressed as {X} = γ x [X] and {X} x = (γ x) x [X] x and replacing the logarithm of a product by the sum of the logarithms (i.e., log (a·b) = log a + log b), the log of the reaction ...