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Underwater camouflage is the set of methods of achieving crypsis—avoidance of observation—that allows otherwise visible aquatic organisms to remain unnoticed by other organisms such as predators or prey. Camouflage in large bodies of water differs markedly from camouflage on land. The environment is essentially the same on all sides.
In the sea, counter-illumination is one of three dominant methods of underwater camouflage, the other two being transparency and silvering. [1] Among marine animals, especially crustaceans , cephalopods , and fish , counter-illumination camouflage occurs where bioluminescent light from photophores on an organism 's ventral surface is matched to ...
Photophores on fish are used for attracting food or for camouflage from predators by counter-illumination. [ citation needed ] Photophores are found on some cephalopods including the firefly squid , which can create impressive light displays, as well as numerous other deep sea organisms, such as the pocket shark Mollisquama mississippiensis and ...
One aspect of this was underwater camouflage, where prey need to conceal themselves from the vision of their predators; since as Herring noted, there is no background in the sea, the methods of camouflage employed are often different from those on land: key methods include transparency, reflection (by silvering), and counter-illumination. [4]
Thayer's 1902 patent application. He failed to convince the US Navy. The English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton, author of The Colours of Animals (1890) discovered the countershading of various insects, including the pupa or chrysalis of the purple emperor butterfly, Apatura iris, [2] the caterpillar larvae of the brimstone moth, Opisthograptis luteolata [a] and of the peppered moth, Biston ...
Active camouflage by color change is used by many bottom-living flatfish such as plaice, sole, and flounder that actively copy the patterns and colors of the seafloor below them. [3] For example, the tropical flounder Bothus ocellatus can match its pattern to "a wide range of background textures" [9] in 2–8 seconds. [9]
And like all other examples of camouflage, aircraft patterns vary widely between countries, aircraft, historical period, and the location that the aircraft was being deployed to.
General characteristics of a large marine ecosystem (Gulf of Alaska). Marine life, sea life or ocean life is the collective ecological communities that encompass all aquatic animals, plants, algae, fungi, protists, single-celled microorganisms and associated viruses living in the saline water of marine habitats, either the sea water of marginal seas and oceans, or the brackish water of coastal ...