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  2. Microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy

    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). The field of microscopy (optical microscopy) dates back to at least the 17th-century.Earlier microscopes, single lens magnifying glasses with limited magnification, date at least as far back as the wide spread use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century [2] but more advanced compound microscopes first appeared in Europe around 1620 [3] [4] The ...

  3. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

    The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century.

  4. Bright-field microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright-field_microscopy

    The oldest published image known to have been made with a microscope: bees by Francesco Stelluti, 1630 [1] Compound microscopes first appeared in Europe around 1620. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The actual inventor of the compound microscope is unknown although many claims have been made over the years.

  5. Image formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_formation

    The ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object is the magnification. The spatial extent of the image surface and the focal length of the lens determines the field of view of the lens. Image formation of mirror these have a center of curvature and its focal length of the mirror is half of the center of curvature.

  6. Scanning electron microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope

    Image of pollen grains taken on a SEM shows the characteristic depth of field of SEM micrographs M. von Ardenne's first SEM SEM with opened sample chamber Analog type SEM. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.

  7. Confocal microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopy

    Fluorescence and confocal microscopes operating principle. Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation. [1]

  8. Transmission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron...

    A TEM image of a cluster of poliovirus. The polio virus is 30 nm in diameter. [1] Operating principle of a transmission electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than ...

  9. Phase-contrast imaging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_imaging

    In X-ray tomography, the same physical principles can be used to increase image contrast by highlighting small details of differing refractive index within structures that are otherwise uniform. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM), phase contrast enables very high resolution (HR) imaging, making it possible to distinguish features a few ...

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