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In macroeconomics, a multiplier is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an endogenous variable changes in response to a change in some exogenous variable. For example, suppose variable x changes by k units, which causes another variable y to change by M × k units.
The general formula is + =, where the modulus m is a prime number or a power of a prime number, the multiplier a is an element of high multiplicative order modulo m (e.g., a primitive root modulo n), and the seed X 0 is coprime to m.
The multipliers showed that any form of increased government spending would have more of a multiplier effect than any form of tax cuts. The most effective policy, a temporary increase in food stamps, had an estimated multiplier of 1.73. The lowest multiplier for a spending increase was general aid to state governments, 1.36.
In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equation constraints (i.e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables). [1]
PGL – projective general linear group. Pin – pin group. pmf – probability mass function. Pn – previous number. Pr – probability of an event. (See Probability theory. Also written as P or.) probit – probit function. PRNG – pseudorandom number generator. PSL – projective special linear group.
A very general, and abstract, concept of multiplication is as the "multiplicatively denoted" (second) binary operation in a ring. An example of a ring that is not any of the above number systems is a polynomial ring (polynomials can be added and multiplied, but polynomials are not numbers in any usual sense).
Multiplier (Fourier analysis), an operator that multiplies the Fourier coefficients of a function by a specified function (known as the symbol) Multiplier of orbit, a formula for computing a value of a variable based on its own previous value or values; see Periodic points of complex quadratic mappings
Then the multiplier operator = associated to this symbol m is defined via the formula T f ^ ( ξ ) := m ( ξ ) f ^ ( ξ ) . {\displaystyle {\widehat {Tf}}(\xi ):=m(\xi ){\hat {f}}(\xi ).} In other words, the Fourier transform of Tf at a frequency ξ is given by the Fourier transform of f at that frequency, multiplied by the value of the ...