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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
There are two distinct, though connected, regions of ER that differ in structure and function: smooth ER and rough ER. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is so named because the cytoplasmic surface is covered with ribosomes, giving it a bumpy appearance when viewed through an electron microscope. The smooth ER appears smooth since its cytoplasmic ...
translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) single-membrane compartment: all eukaryotes: rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes (which are bound to the ribosome membrane), has folds that are flat sacs; smooth endoplasmic reticulum has folds that are ...
The functionality of these proteins is based on their specific molecular design and interaction patterns. [8] Although reticulons do not share any primary sequence homology with DP1/Yop1p proteins, both families have a conserved domain of approximately 200 amino acids containing two hydrophobic segments (longer than conventional α-helical transmembrane domains).
[3] [4] MCS are important in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), [5] since this is the major site of lipid synthesis within cells. [6] The ER makes close contact with many organelles, including mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, chloroplasts and the plasma membrane. [7]
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes hormones and lipids, degrades toxins, and controls cellular levels of calcium. Though most control of cell division is present in the nucleus, the centrosomes present in the endoplasm assist with spindle formation. The endoplasm is the site of many activities necessary for the cell to maintain homeostasis. [2]
Ribophorins I and II, transmembrane glycoprotein of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, intervene in the union of the ribosomes (they fix the large subunit, 60S, of the ribosome) to the RE membrane, and they play an important role in the co-translational translocation process which depends on this union, as the com insertion of the nascent ...
The translocon (also known as a translocator or translocation channel) is a complex of proteins associated with the translocation of polypeptides across membranes. [1] In eukaryotes the term translocon most commonly refers to the complex that transports nascent polypeptides with a targeting signal sequence into the interior (cisternal or lumenal) space of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from ...