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Anisotropy, in materials science, is a material's directional dependence of a physical property. This is a critical consideration for materials selection in engineering applications. A material with physical properties that are symmetric about an axis that is normal to a plane of isotropy is called a transversely isotropic material.
The Tensorial Anisotropy Index A T [5] extends the Zener ratio for fully anisotropic materials and overcomes the limitation of the AU that is designed for materials exhibiting internal symmetries of elastic crystals, which is not always observed in multi-component composites. It takes into consideration all the 21 coefficients of the fully ...
The quadratic Hill yield criterion for thin rolled plates (plane stress conditions) can be expressed as + (+) (+) + = where the principal stresses , are assumed to be aligned with the axes of anisotropy with in the rolling direction and perpendicular to the rolling direction, =, is the R-value in the rolling direction, and is the R-value perpendicular to the rolling direction.
Orthotropic materials are a subset of anisotropic materials; their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. Orthotropic materials have three planes/axes of symmetry. An isotropic material, in contrast, has the same properties in every direction. It can be proved that a material having two planes of symmetry must have a ...
Isotropic materials are useful since they are easier to shape, and their behavior is easier to predict. Anisotropic materials can be tailored to the forces an object is expected to experience. For example, the fibers in carbon fiber materials and rebars in reinforced concrete are oriented to withstand tension.
The Tsai–Wu failure criterion is a phenomenological material failure theory which is widely used for anisotropic composite materials which have different strengths in tension and compression. [1] The Tsai-Wu criterion predicts failure when the failure index in a laminate reaches 1.
For the anisotropic materials, depending on the direction of the applied process (e.g., rolling) the mechanical properties vary and, therefore, using an anisotropic yield function is crucial. Since 1989 Frederic Barlat has developed a family of yield functions for constitutive modelling of plastic anisotropy. Among them, Yld2000-2D yield ...
Diamagnets are materials with a magnetic permeability less than μ 0 (a relative permeability less than 1). Consequently, diamagnetism is a form of magnetism that a substance exhibits only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. It is generally a quite weak effect in most materials, although superconductors exhibit a strong effect.