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Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI) are a method of signaling interrupts, using special in-band messages to replace traditional out-of-band signals on dedicated interrupt lines. While message signaled interrupts are more complex to implement in a device, they have some significant advantages over pin-based out-of-band interrupt signalling, such ...
In a computer, an interrupt request (or IRQ) is a hardware signal sent to the processor that temporarily stops a running program and allows a special program, an interrupt handler, to run instead. Hardware interrupts are used to handle events such as receiving data from a modem or network card, key presses, or mouse movements.
Trackside functional modules (points module on left, signal module on right) Trackside equipment such as signals and points are connected to nearby 'trackside functional modules' (TFMs). Each module has a number of outputs and inputs. Each output drives an individual function, such as a signal lamp or an AWS inductor. Certain outputs are ...
In MSI, each block contained inside a cache can have one of three possible states: Modified: The block has been modified in the cache. The data in the cache is then inconsistent with the backing store (e.g. memory). A cache with a block in the "M" state has the responsibility to write the block to the backing store when it is evicted.
Programmers typically use debugging NMIs to diagnose and fix faulty code. In such cases, an NMI can execute an interrupt handler that transfers control to a special monitor program. From this program, a developer can inspect the machine's memory and examine the internal state of the program at the instant of its interruption.
This service sends the mo-ForwardSM [Note 1] MAP operation to the SMSC identified in the SM Submission from the handset, embedded within a Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) message, and transported over the core network using the Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP). [1]
Data Carrier Detect (DCD) or Carrier Detect (CD) is a control signal present inside an RS-232 serial communications cable that goes between a computer and another device, such as a modem. This signal is a simple "high/low" status bit that is sent from a data communications equipment (DCE) to a data terminal equipment (DTE), i.e., from the modem ...
Specification 2.0 documented 1.5 V signaling, which could be used at 1×, 2× and the additional 4× speed [14] [15] and 3.0 added 0.8 V signaling, which could be operated at 4× and 8× speeds. [16] (1× and 2× speeds are physically possible, but were not specified.) Available versions are listed in the adjacent table.