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Vitamin B 12 deficiency is preventable with supplements, which are recommended for pregnant vegetarians and vegans, and not harmful in others. [2] Risk of toxicity due to vitamin B 12 is low. [2] Vitamin B 12 deficiency in the US and the UK is estimated to occur in about 6 percent of those under the age of 60, and 20 percent of those over the ...
Vitamin B 12 is derived from a tetrapyrrolic structural framework created by the enzymes deaminase and cosynthetase which transform aminolevulinic acid via porphobilinogen and hydroxymethylbilane to uroporphyrinogen III. The latter is the first macrocyclic intermediate common to heme, chlorophyll, siroheme and B 12 itself.
The B 12 vitamin is not abundantly available from plant products [4] (although it has been found in moderate abundance in fermented vegetable products, certain seaweeds, and in certain mushrooms, with the bioavailability of the vitamin in these cases remaining uncertain), [5] making B 12 deficiency a legitimate concern for those maintaining a ...
Folate, also known as vitamin B 9 and folacin, [6] is one of the B vitamins. [3] Manufactured folic acid , which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and storage. [ 7 ]
Serum vitamin B 12 is a medical laboratory test that measure vitamin B 12 only in the blood binding to both transcobalamins. [1] Most of the time, 80–94% of vitamin B 12 in the blood binds to haptocorrin , while only 6–20% is binds to transcobalamin ll. [ 2 ] Only transcobalamin ll is "active" and can be used by the body. [ 1 ]
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B 5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient. [6] All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. [6] [7] Pantothenic acid is the combination of pantoic acid and β ...
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The body's stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B 12 are stored in significant amounts, mainly in the liver, [20] and an adult's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and B 12 in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition.