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A cell during anaphase. Microtubules are visible in green. Stages of late M phase in a vertebrate cell. Anaphase (from Ancient Greek ἀνα-() 'back, backward' and φάσις (phásis) 'appearance') is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ANAPC1 is one of at least ten subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which functions at the metaphase -to- anaphase transition of the cell cycle and is regulated by spindle checkpoint proteins.
Separase, also known as separin, is a cysteine protease responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase. [5] In humans, separin is encoded by the ESPL1 gene. [6]
The spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint during metaphase of mitosis or meiosis that prevents the separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the ...
Anaphase is a very short stage of the cell cycle and it occurs after the chromosomes align at the mitotic plate. Kinetochores emit anaphase-inhibition signals until their attachment to the mitotic spindle. Once the final chromosome is properly aligned and attached the final signal dissipates and triggers the abrupt shift to anaphase. [26]
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC11 gene. [5] [6] Interactions
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC2 gene. [5] [6]A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition by ubiquitinating its specific substrates such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, which are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome.
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC4 gene. [5] [6]A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition by ubiquitinating its specific substrates such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, which are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome.