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In Peter Wason's initial experiment published in 1960 (which does not mention the term "confirmation bias"), he repeatedly challenged participants to identify a rule applying to triples of numbers. They were told that (2,4,6) fits the rule. They generated triples, and the experimenter told them whether each triple conformed to the rule. [3]: 179
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [31] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [32]
He designed problems and tests to demonstrate these behaviours, such as the Wason selection task, the THOG problem and the 2-4-6 problem. He also coined the term " confirmation bias " [ 1 ] to describe the tendency for people to immediately favor information that validates their preconceptions, hypotheses and personal beliefs regardless of ...
[1] [2] [3] It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. [4] An example of the puzzle is: You are shown a set of four cards placed on a table, each of which has a number on one side and a color on the other. The visible faces of the cards show 3, 8, blue and red.
Motivated reasoning, confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance are closely related. [2] Both motivated reasoning and confirmation bias favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. Motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is an unconscious or conscious process by which personal emotions control the ...
Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout the years. [1] According to the historical use of the term, people tend to select specific aspects of exposed information which they incorporate into their mindset.
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Confirmation bias is an unintentional tendency to collect and use data which favors preconceived notions. Such notions may be incidental rather than motivated by important personal beliefs: the desire to be right may be sufficient motivation. [33] Scientific and technical professionals also experience confirmation bias.