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Contraindications to breastfeeding are those conditions that could compromise the health of the infant if breast milk from their mother is consumed. Examples include galactosemia , untreated HIV , untreated active tuberculosis , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 or II , uses illicit drugs , or mothers undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment .
Lower age of first childbirth, compared to the average age of 24, [50] having more children (about 7% lowered risk per child), and breastfeeding (4.3% per breastfeeding year, with an average relative risk around 0.7 [51] [52]) have all been correlated to lowered breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, but not postmenopausal women, in large ...
During lactation, breast abscess develops only rarely, most sources cite about 0.4–0.5% of breastfeeding women. [8] Known risk factors are age over 30, primiparous (first birth) and late delivery. No correlation was found with smoking status; however, this may be in part because far fewer smoking women choose to breastfeed. [ 15 ]
Breastfeeding can generally be attempted after breast augmentation or reduction surgery, [252] however prior breast surgery is a risk factor for low milk supply. [ 253 ] A 2014 review found that women who have breast implant surgery were less likely to exclusively breast feed, however it was based on only three small studies and the reasons for ...
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Nulliparity has been implicated in the development of various complications during pregnancy including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and pre-term labor. [5] Long-term and permanent nulliparity (/ ˌ n ʌ l ɪ ˈ p ær ɪ t i /) are risk factors for breast cancer. For instance, a meta-analysis, published in 1990, of 8 population-based ...
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The majority of infants who contract HIV through breast milk do so within the first six weeks of life, [96] despite that antiretroviral treatment (during pregnancy, delivery and during breastfeeding) reduces transmission risk by >90%. However, in healthy mothers, there are many benefits for infants who are breastfed.