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Subsets of data can be selected by column name, index, or Boolean expressions. For example, df[df['col1'] > 5] will return all rows in the DataFrame df for which the value of the column col1 exceeds 5. [4]: 126–128 Data can be grouped together by a column value, as in df['col1'].groupby(df['col2']), or by a function which is applied to the index.
This implies constraints on the columns that can appear in the associated SELECT clause. As a general rule, the SELECT clause may only contain columns with a unique value per group. This includes columns that appear in the GROUP BY clause as well as aggregates resulting in one value per group. [3]
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
Sales rose this year during the holiday shopping season even as Americans wrestled with elevated prices for many groceries and other necessities, according to new data. Holiday sales from the ...
The Labor Department reported Thursday that its producer price index — which tracks inflation before it reaches consumers — rose 0.4% last month from October, up from 0.3% the month before.
The S&P 500 is also currently very top-heavy, with Apple, Nvidia, and Microsoft representing about 20% of the index. Nvidia at about 6.8% of the index is particularly noteworthy, as its earnings ...
An index number is an economic data figure reflecting price or quantity compared with a standard or base value. [5] [6] The base usually equals 100 and the index number is usually expressed as 100 times the ratio to the base value. For example, if a commodity costs
Word2vec is a technique in natural language processing (NLP) for obtaining vector representations of words. These vectors capture information about the meaning of the word based on the surrounding words.