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In this example, the default gateway uses the IP address 192.168.4.1, which is resolved into a MAC address with ARP in the usual way. The destination IP address remains 192.168.12.3, but the next-hop MAC address is that of the gateway, rather than of the ultimate destination.
For example, a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 2) inverts to a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.255 (00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111 2). A wild card mask is a matching rule. [2] The rule for a wildcard mask is: 0 means that the equivalent bit must match; 1 means that the equivalent bit does not matter
A subnet mask is a bitmask that encodes the prefix length associated with an IPv4 address or network in quad-dotted notation: 32 bits, starting with a number of 1-bits equal to the prefix length, ending with 0-bits, and encoded in four-part dotted-decimal format: 255.255.255.0. A subnet mask encodes the same information as a prefix length but ...
In IPv6 this is the only standards-based form to denote network or routing prefixes. For example, the IPv4 network 192.0.2.0 with the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 is written as 192.0.2.0 / 24, and the IPv6 notation 2001:db8:: / 32 designates the address 2001:db8:: and its network prefix consisting of the most significant 32 bits.
CIDR notation can also be used to designate how much of the address should be treated as a routing prefix. For example, 192.0.2.1 / 24 indicates that 24 significant bits of the address are the prefix, with the remaining 8 bits used for host addressing. This is equivalent to the historically used subnet mask (in this case, 255.255.255.0).
[10] IP addresses in dot-decimal notation are also presented in CIDR notation, in which the IP address is suffixed with a slash and a number, used to specify the length of the associated routing prefix. For example, 127.0.0.1/8 specifies that the IP address has an eight-bit routing prefix, and therefore the subnet mask 255.0.0.0.
This is a list of the IP protocol numbers found in the field Protocol of the IPv4 header and the Next Header field of the IPv6 header.It is an identifier for the encapsulated protocol and determines the layout of the data that immediately follows the header.
The records returned may not be complete. For example, if there is both an A and an MX for a name, but the name server has only the A record cached, only the A record will be returned. Usually referred to as ANY (e.g., in dig, Windows nslookup, and Wireshark).