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Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, mainly the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. [5] [2] Often, there may be no symptoms. [1]
The exact role of Mycoplasma hominis (and to a lesser extent Ureaplasma) in regards to a number of conditions related to pregnant women and their (unborn) offspring is controversial. This is mainly because many healthy adults have genitourinary colonization with Mycoplasma, published studies on pathogenicity have important design limitations ...
Mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic human mycoplasma species residing in the lower urogenital tract. [10] It is a common human urogenital Mycoplasma species that lacks a cell wall. Due to the absence of the cell wall, M. hominis is innately resistant to β-lactams and to all antibiotics which target the cell wall. [ 11 ]
The aerobic bacteria also found mixed with these anaerobic bacteria include Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus spp. (including groups A and B), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia spp. and Mycoplasma hominis. Free gas in the tissues, abscess formation and foul-smelling discharge is commonly associated with the presence of anaerobic bacteria.
Mycoplasma genitalium (also known as MG [3], Mgen, or since 2018, Mycoplasmoides genitalium [1]) is a sexually transmitted, [4] small and pathogenic bacterium that lives on the mucous epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans. [5]
In the 2010s, Mycoplasma genitalium has been re-classified as an STI, [9] and it is possible that with more research, Ureaplasma spp. will follow this trend. Similar to other pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis , infection with Ureaplasma spp. is associated with adverse fertility outcomes in both men and women.
Women with a specific diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomonas should see a clinician in three months after treatment for repeat testing because they are at higher risk of getting reinfected, regardless of whether their sex partners were treated. [4] Treatment in pregnant women is the same as those who are not pregnant. [4]
Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of mycobacteria comprising Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium that are commonly grouped because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria.