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  2. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflectance...

    Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, or diffuse reflection spectroscopy, is a subset of absorption spectroscopy.It is sometimes called remission spectroscopy.Remission is the reflection or back-scattering of light by a material, while transmission is the passage of light through a material.

  3. Stokes relations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_relations

    A reflection of the incoming field (E) is transmitted at the dielectric boundary to give rE and tE (where r and t are the amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients, respectively). Since there is no absorption this system is reversible, as shown in the second picture (where the direction of the beams has been reversed).

  4. Helmholtz reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_reciprocity

    Magnetic objective lens systems have been used in TEM to achieve atomic-scale resolution while maintaining a magnetic field free environment at the plane of the sample, [31] but the method of doing so still requires a large magnetic field above (and below) the sample, thus negating any reciprocity enhancement effects that one might expect. This ...

  5. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, [1] and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

  6. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    In the absence of Doppler shifts, ω does not change on reflection or refraction. Hence, by ( 2 ), the magnitude of the wave vector is proportional to the refractive index. So, for a given ω , if we redefine k as the magnitude of the wave vector in the reference medium (for which n = 1 ), then the wave vector has magnitude n 1 k in the first ...

  7. Optical properties of water and ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_properties_of...

    The refractive index of water at 20 °C for visible light is 1.33. [1] The refractive index of normal ice is 1.31 (from List of refractive indices).In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with real and imaginary parts, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength.

  8. Play Just Words Online for Free - AOL.com

    www.aol.com/games/play/masque-publishing/just-words

    Just Words. If you love Scrabble, you'll love the wonderful word game fun of Just Words. Play Just Words free online! By Masque Publishing

  9. Ray (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(optics)

    In physics, ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system with regions of varying propagation velocity, absorption characteristics, and reflecting surfaces. Under these circumstances, wavefronts may bend, change direction, or reflect off surfaces, complicating analysis.