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The success of Lewin's work in defining these group activities is attributable to his explanation of them in behavior theory terms within the context of role theory. This was in contrast to both previous and subsequent research which would utilize such picturesque but often unrealistic terms for group behaviors such as the eagle, the bear, or ...
A group with a high level of role differentiation would be categorized as having many different roles that are specialized and narrowly defined. [53] A key role in a group is the leader, but there are other important roles as well, including task roles, relationship roles, and individual roles. [53]
"With group norms and roles established, group members focus on achieving common goals, often reaching an unexpectedly high level of success." [3] By this time, they are motivated and knowledgeable. The team members are now competent, autonomous and able to handle the decision-making process without supervision.
Proactivity is about taking responsibility for one's reaction to one's own experiences, taking the initiative to respond positively and improve the situation. Covey postulates, in a discussion of the work of psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, that between stimulus and response lies a person's ability to choose how to react, and that nothing can hurt a person without the person's consent.
It suggests that group development and success can be best understood by taking into account components found at all levels of analysis. Group behavior can be broken down into 3 levels of analysis: the individual level (micro), the group level (meso) and the organizational or societal level (macro).
Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader defines leader and group member roles, initiates actions, organizes group activities and defines how tasks are to be accomplished by the group. This leadership style is task-oriented. Some of the statements used to measure this factor in the LBDQ are:
bio-sociological roles: e.g. as human in a natural system; gender roles: as a man, woman, mother, father, etc. Role theory models behavior as patterns of behaviors to which one can conform, with this conformity being based on the expectations of others. [a] It has been argued that a role must in some sense being defined in relation to others.
A 1959 symposium held by the Foundation for Research on Human Behavior in Ann Arbor, Michigan, was published as Modern Organization Theory. Among a group of eminent organizational theorists active during this decade were E. Wight Bakke, Chris Argyris, James G. March, Rensis Likert, Jacob Marschak, Anatol Rapoport, and William Foote Whyte. [13]