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  2. Caustic embrittlement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_embrittlement

    Inside the cracks, the water evaporates and the amount of hydroxide keeps increasing progressively. The concentrated area with high stress works as anode and diluted area works as cathode. At anode, sodium hydroxide attacks the surrounding material and then dissolves the iron of the boiler as sodium ferrate forming rust. This causes ...

  3. Galvanic corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion

    Another example is the cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures as well as hot water storage tanks. In this case, sacrificial anodes work as part of a galvanic couple, promoting corrosion of the anode, while protecting the cathode metal.

  4. Galvanic anode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_anode

    An aluminum-zinc-tin alloy called KA90 is commonly used in marine and water heater applications. [9] Zinc and aluminium are generally used in salt water, where the resistivity is generally lower and magnesium dissolves relatively quickly by reaction with water under hydrogen evolution (self-corrosion).

  5. Heat trap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_trap

    Heat traps are valves or loops of pipe on the cold water inlet and hot water outlet of water heaters. The heat traps allow cold water to flow into the water heater tank, but prevent unwanted natural convection and heated water to flow out of the tank. [1] [2] Newer water heaters have built-in heat traps.

  6. Cathodic protection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection

    Over time the galvanic anode continues to corrode, consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced. Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in various shapes and sizes using alloys of zinc, magnesium, and aluminum. ASTM International publishes standards on the composition and manufacturing of galvanic anodes. [10] [11] [12]

  7. Pitting corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting_corrosion

    The process of pit nucleation is initiated by the depassivation of the protective oxide layer isolating the metal substrate from the aggressive solution. The depassivation of the protective oxide layer is the less properly understood step in pitting corrosion and its very local and random appearance probably its most enigmatic characteristic.

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