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Byblos (/ ˈ b ɪ b l ɒ s / BIB-loss; Ancient Greek: Βύβλος), also known as Jebeil, Jbeil or Jubayl (Arabic: جُبَيْل, romanized: Jubayl, locally Jbeil [ʒ(ə)beːl]), is an ancient city in the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon.
The highly defensible archeological tell of Byblos is flanked by two harbors that were used for sea trade. [37] The royal necropolis of Byblos is a semicircular burial ground located on the promontory summit, on a spur overlooking both seaports of the city, within the walls of ancient Byblos. [38] [39]
Known in ancient times as Aphaca (Ancient Greek: Ἄφακα), [5] the word can be interpreted as "source", [6] is located in the mountains of Lebanon, about 20 kilometres from the ancient city of Byblos, which still stands just east of the town of Qartaba. [7]
In the middle of the 8th century BC, Tyre and Byblos rebelled, but the Assyrian ruler, Tiglath-Pileser III, subdued the rebels and imposed heavy tributes. [ citation needed ] Oppression continued unabated, and Tyre rebelled again, this time against Sargon II (722-705 BC), who successfully besieged the city in 721 BC and punished its population.
An ancient Phoenician inscription on the tomb dates to between the 13th and 10th centuries BCE. [2] Byblos, as well as archaeological sites in Baalbek , Tyre , Sidon , and Tripoli , contain artifacts indicating the presence of libraries dating back to the period of Classical antiquity .
Christopher Rollston, "The Dating of the Early Royal Byblian Phoenician Inscriptions: A Response to Benjamin Sass." MAARAV 15 (2008): 57–93.; Benjamin Mazar, The Phoenician Inscriptions from Byblos and the Evolution of the Phoenician-Hebrew Alphabet, in The Early Biblical Period: Historical Studies (S. Ahituv and B. A. Levine, eds., Jerusalem: IES, 1986 [original publication: 1946]): 231–247.
The Abishemu obelisk or the Abichemou obelisk is a 1.25 meter limestone obelisk dedicated to the Phoenician king Abishemu I of Byblos. The obelisk is decorated with two lines of inscriptions in Egyptian hieroglyphics. It was created c. 1800 BCE, and was unearthed in the 1950s by Maurice Dunand in the Temple of the Obelisks.
The Byblos archaeological site contains the remains of the Great Temple and the Temple of Ba'alat Gebal, both built around 2700 BC, as well as the Temple of the Obelisks, built around 1600 BC. Русский: Библ, Гебал, Ливан.