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Impedance analyzers are a class of instruments which measure complex electrical impedance as a function of frequency. This involves the phase sensitive measurement of current and voltage applied to a device under test while the measurement frequency is varied over the course of the measurement. Key specifications of an impedance analyzer are ...
An electron energy analyzer, as used in Auger Electron Spectroscopy; Electrostatic analyzer, a device used in mass spectroscopy to allow the passage ions or electrons that have a given specific energy; Wattmeter, an instrument which measures the electrical power circulating in any electric circuit
Electrostatic analyzers are designed in different configurations. A simple version is a radial cylindrical analyzer, which consists of two curved parallel plates at different potentials. Ions or electrons enter the analyzer at one end and either pass through the other end or collide with the walls of the analyzer, depending on their initial energy.
The source measure unit (SMU), or source-measurement unit, is an electronic instrument that is capable of both sourcing and measuring at the same time. It can precisely force voltage or current and simultaneously measure precise voltage and/or current. An SMU instrument can source and sink power in all four quadrants.
Electronic instruments called spectrum analyzers are used to observe and measure the power spectra of signals. The spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of an input signal. If the signal being analyzed can be considered a stationary process, the STFT is a good smoothed estimate of its power spectral ...
The history of discrete sample analysis for the clinical laboratory began with the introduction of the "Robot Chemist" invented by Hans Baruch and introduced commercially in 1959 [1]. The AutoAnalyzer is an early example of an automated chemistry analyzer using a special flow technique named "continuous flow analysis (CFA)", invented in 1957 by ...
Early high-speed visualisations of electrical voltages were made with an electro-mechanical oscillograph, [2] [3] invented by André Blondel in 1893. These gave valuable insights into high speed voltage changes, but had a frequency response in single kHz, and were superseded by the oscilloscope which used a cathode-ray tube (CRT) as its display element.
A spectrum analyzer is also used to determine, by direct observation, the bandwidth of a digital or analog signal. A spectrum analyzer interface is a device that connects to a wireless receiver or a personal computer to allow visual detection and analysis of electromagnetic signals over a defined band of frequencies.