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2. Elemental chlorine free - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free

   Elemental chlorine free (ECF) is a technique that uses chlorine dioxide for the bleaching of wood pulp. It does not use elemental chlorine gas during the bleaching process and prevents the formation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds , carcinogens .

3. Bleaching of wood pulp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp

   Chlorine dioxide is sometimes used in combination with chlorine, but it is used alone in ECF (elemental-chlorine-free) bleaching sequences. It is used at moderately acidic pH (3.5 to 6). The use of chlorine dioxide minimizes the amount of organochlorine compounds produced. [8]

4. Abundance of elements in Earth's crust - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in...

   Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [5] siderophiles shown in yellow Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry.

5. Hardnesses of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements...

   This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 12:16 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply.

6. Abundance of the chemical elements - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical...

   The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrences of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of three ways: by mass fraction (in commercial contexts often called weight fraction), by mole fraction (fraction of atoms by numerical count, or sometimes fraction of molecules in gases), or by volume fraction.

7. This is the best and worst toilet paper for the planet - AOL

   www.aol.com/lifestyle/best-worst-toilet-paper...

   The worst, elemental chlorine, releases highly toxic dioxin into wastewater, but its use has mostly been eliminated. The most popular method now is elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleach — which ...

8. Many baby diapers contain chlorine dioxide. Should ... - AOL

   www.aol.com/many-baby-diapers-contain-chlorine...

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9. Paper chemicals - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_chemicals

   Elemental chlorine bleaching uses chlorine and hypochlorite. Elemental chlorine-free bleaching is more environmentally friendly since it eliminates the use of hypochlorite and replaces chlorine with chlorine dioxide or sodium chlorate. [3] Totally chlorine-free bleaching utilizes oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This is the most environmentally ...