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Front suspension of a race car — the caster angle is formed by the line between upper and lower ball joint An example of a chopper with a raked fork at an extreme caster angle The caster angle [ 1 ] or castor angle [ 2 ] is the angular displacement of the steering axis from the vertical axis of a steered wheel in a car , motorcycle ...
The 1960 Milliken MX1 Camber Car has a large negative camber. Camber angle is one of the angles made by the wheels of a vehicle; specifically, it is the angle between the vertical axis of a wheel and the vertical axis of the vehicle when viewed from the front or rear.
There are some car models with different factory setting for right and left side wheelbase length, for various design reasons. An off-spec setback may occur because of a collision or a difference between right and left caster. [2] Rake is the difference between the front and rear ride heights, a positive number when the rear ride height is larger.
The steering axis angle is called caster angle when measured from vertical axis or head angle when measured from horizontal axis. The steering axis is the axis about which the steering mechanism (fork, handlebars, front wheel, etc.) pivots. The steering axis angle usually matches the angle of the head tube.
Toe is usually adjustable in production automobiles, even though caster angle and camber angle are often not adjustable. Maintenance of front-end alignment, which used to involve all three adjustments, currently involves only setting the toe; in most cases, even for a car in which caster or camber are adjustable, only the toe will need ...
Zero scrub radius (top) positive scrub radius (center) negative scrub radius (bottom) In an automobile's suspension system, the scrub radius is the distance in front view between the king pin axis and the center of the contact patch of the wheel, where both would theoretically touch the road. It can be positive, negative or zero.
An illustration of a wheel with negative camber. Camber is a measurement from the centerline of the wheel/tire relative to the road's surface. Negative camber is when the top of the wheel/tire angles inward toward the center of the vehicle. When done sparingly, negative camber greatly improves the handling characteristics of a vehicle.
A coordinate system used for tire analysis by Pacejka and Cossalter. The origin is at the intersection of three planes: the wheel midplane, the ground plane, and a vertical plane aligned with the axle (not pictured).