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Low-background steel, also known as pre-war steel [1] and pre-atomic steel, [2] is any steel produced prior to the detonation of the first nuclear bombs in the 1940s and 1950s. Typically sourced from ships (either as part of regular scrapping or shipwrecks ) and other steel artifacts of this era, it is often used for modern particle detectors ...
The types of radiation that can alter structural materials are neutron radiation, ion beams, electrons (beta particles), and gamma rays.All of these forms of radiation have the capability to displace atoms from their lattice sites, which is the fundamental process that drives the changes in structural metals.
Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 electron volts (eV), which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms.
Capsules are usually made of stainless steel, titanium, platinum or another inert metal. [5] The use of sealed sources removes almost all risk of dispersion of radioactive material into the environment due to mishandling, [6] but the container is not intended to attenuate radiation, so further shielding is required for radiation protection. [7]
Water subjected to ionizing radiation forms free radicals of hydrogen and hydroxyl, which can recombine to form gaseous hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxide radicals. In living organisms, which are composed mostly of water, majority of the damage is caused by the reactive oxygen species , free radicals produced ...
Making a radiograph. Industrial radiography is a modality of non-destructive testing that uses ionizing radiation to inspect materials and components with the objective of locating and quantifying defects and degradation in material properties that would lead to the failure of engineering structures.
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Radiation exposure can be managed by a combination of these factors: Time: Reducing the time of an exposure reduces the effective dose proportionally. An example of reducing radiation doses by reducing the time of exposures might be improving operator training to reduce the time they take to handle a radioactive source.