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β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A (HMB-CoA), also known as 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA, is a metabolite of L-leucine that is produced in the human body. [1] [2] Its immediate precursors are β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) and β-methylcrotonoyl-CoA (MC-CoA).
β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid [note 1] (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is a naturally produced substance in humans that is used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain medical foods that are intended to promote wound healing and provide nutritional support for people with muscle wasting due to cancer or HIV/AIDS.
They study found that administering low-dose testosterone undecanoate (TU) at a rate of 20 mg per day to elderly men with low serum testosterone and osteoporosis effectively increases bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral neck, and improves bone turnover, similar to the standard-dose TU (40 mg, per day) treatment.
30–200 mg/day Fluoxymesterone: Tablet: 10–40 mg 3x/day Calusterone: Tablet: 40–80 mg 4x/day Normethandrone: Tablet: 40 mg/day Buccal: Methyltestosterone: Tablet: 25–100 mg/day Injection (IM Tooltip intramuscular injection or SC Tooltip subcutaneous injection) Testosterone propionate: Oil solution: 50–100 mg 3x/week Testosterone ...
In those with postmenopausal osteoporosis denosumab decreases the risk of fractures but increases the risk of infection. [19] A 2013 review concluded that it is a reasonable treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. [20] A 2017 review did not find benefit in males. [21]
It is an effective anabolic (promoting bone formation) agent [15] used in the treatment of some forms of osteoporosis. [13] [16] Teriparatide is a recombinant human parathyroid hormone analog (PTH 1-34). [13] It has an identical sequence to the 34 N-terminal amino acids of the 84-amino acid human parathyroid hormone. [13]
[1] [2] [4] [5] Recombinant human parathyroid hormone is used in the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporotic fractures. [3] A significant reduction in the incidence of vertebral fractures has been demonstrated. [3] It is used in combination with calcium and vitamin D supplements. [1] [4]
Zoledronic acid is also indicated for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis; the treatment to increase bone mass in men with osteoporosis; the treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone in men and women. [4] [6]