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Compared with caffeine, theobromine is weaker in both its inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and its antagonism of adenosine receptors. [ 4 ] [ 31 ] The potential phosphodiesterase inhibitory effect of theobromine is seen only at amounts much higher than what people normally would consume in a typical diet including chocolate.
Paraxanthine, also known as 1,7-dimethylxanthine, is an isomer of theophylline and theobromine, two well-known stimulants found in coffee, tea, and chocolate mainly in the form of caffeine. It is a member of the xanthine family of alkaloids, which includes theophylline, theobromine and caffeine.
Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. [20] [21] Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine remains largely unregulated and legal in nearly all parts of the world. Caffeine is also an outlier as its use is seen as socially acceptable in most cultures with it even being encouraged.
Instead of caffeine, cacao contains something called theobromine, which translates as “food of the gods” in Greek. Theobromine is a naturally occurring stimulant that dilates blood vessels ...
The most common victims of theobromine poisoning are dogs, [8] [9] for whom it can be fatal. The toxic dose for cats is even lower than for dogs. [10] However, cats are less prone to eating chocolate since they are unable to taste sweetness. [11] Theobromine is less toxic to rats and mice, who all have an LD 50 of about 1,000 mg/kg (0.016 oz/lb).
An adenosine receptor antagonist is a drug which acts as an antagonist of one or more of the adenosine receptors. [1] The best known are xanthines and their derivatives (natural: caffeine, [2] theophylline, [3] and theobromine; and synthetic: PSB-1901 [4]), but there are also non-xanthine representatives (e.g. ISAM-140, [5] ISAM-R316, [6] etrumadenant, [7] and AZD-4635 [8])
Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), [11] and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). [12]
[47] [48] Theobromine content varies from 0.3% to 0.9%; theophylline is typically present only in small quantities or sometimes completely absent. [49] In some circles, mateine is a referential term for caffeine when found present in yerba mate (similar to theine from tea or guaranine from guarana). [50]