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Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC or CSCR), also known as central serous retinopathy (CSR), is an eye disease that causes visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When the disorder is active it is characterized by leakage of fluid under the retina that has a propensity to accumulate under the central macula.
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [1]
Total cortisol increases to three times of non-pregnant levels by the third trimester. [5] The increased estrogen in pregnancy leads to increase corticosteroid-binding globulin production and in response the adrenal gland produces more cortisol. [5] The net effect is an increase of free cortisol.
Children with untreated hypothyroidism are at high risk of mental retardation; thus, early detection is crucial. Central hypothyroidism can be diagnosed by a low or normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the presence of a low level of free T4. Free T-4 should be checked annually for at least four years. [3] Cortisol is made in times of ...
The inactivating mutation leads to elevated local concentrations of cortisol in the aldosterone sensitive tissues like the kidney. Cortisol at high concentrations can cross-react and activate the mineralocorticoid receptor due to the non-selectivity of the receptor, leading to aldosterone-like effects in the kidney.
Morning serum cortisol levels are typically the first step in the diagnostic work-up, but this test is only significant if values are extremely low, adrenal insufficiency is almost certain with values below 3 μg/dl, or it can be excluded with values in the upper half of the normal range. Cortisol levels above 19 g/dl almost always rule out ...
In cases of very high levels of maternal cortisol, this placental enzyme's expression and activity are greatly reduced, thus buffering the fetus less from the mother's high cortisol levels. There are detrimental effects to this loss of placental enzymatic activity. One such effect is a change in the set point for the HPA axis. [1]
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis. [1] [2] It results from the deficiency of one of the five enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. [3]