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Muhammad Ali [a] (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was the Ottoman Albanian [3] viceroy and governor who became the de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, widely considered the founder of modern Egypt.
It lasted from 1803 to 1807 with the Muhammad Ali Pasha taking control of Egypt in 1805, when the Ottoman Sultan acknowledged his position. Thereafter, Muhammad Ali was the undisputed ruler of Egypt, and his efforts henceforth were directed primarily to the maintenance of his practical independence.
Muhammad Ali was an Albanian commander in the Ottoman Albanian army that was sent to drive Napoleon's forces out of Egypt. [1] After Napoleon’s withdrawal, he aligned himself with Omar Makram , the leader of Egyptian resistance against the French, rose to power with his Albanian troops, and forced the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II to recognise him ...
Rulers of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty governed Egypt and Sudan as absolute monarchs until constitutional rule was established in August 1878. [13] Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy emerged as the most important in the Middle East and the wider Arab world . [ 14 ]
Muhammad Ali, meanwhile, had been conducting an expedition against the Mamluk beys in Upper Egypt, and after defeating them near Asyut, he heard of the arrival of the British. Alarmed lest the surviving Mamluk beys should join the British, especially as they were already far north of his position, he immediately sent messengers to his rivals ...
According to most scholars the history of modern Egypt dates from the start of the rule of Muhammad Ali in 1805 and his launching of Egypt's modernization project that involved building a new army and suggesting a new map for the country, though the definition of Egypt's modern history has varied in accordance with different definitions of modernity.
In the preceding decades, Muhammad Ali had expanded and strengthened his hold on Ottoman territory, beginning with Egypt, where he acted as a viceroy for the Sultan. Called upon to assist the Ottomans in the Greek War of Independence , Muhammad Ali in return demanded parts of Ottoman Syria to be transferred to his personal rule.
The museum displays a collection of 1,180 specimens of taxidermied animals, birds, and butterflies from the hunting collections of King Farouk, Prince Muhammad Ali, and Prince Yusuf Kamal. Additionally, the museum features the skeletons of a camel and a horse , which were used to carry the Kabah cover during the Mahmal procession , as well as ...