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Electronic fluency devices can be divided into two basic categories: Computerized feedback devices provide feedback on the physiological control of respiration and phonation, including loudness, vocal intensity and breathing patterns. [1] Altered auditory feedback (AAF) devices alter the speech signal so that speakers hear their voices differently.
With an individual who does not stutter, auditory feedback speech sounds are directed to the inner ear with a 0.001 second delay. [11] In delayed auditory feedback, the delay is artificially disrupted. Studies have found that in children ages 4–6 there is less disturbance of speech than in children ages 7–9 under a delay of 200 ms. [12]
Some types of treatment for children younger than six years of age focus on the elimination of stuttering. Families are involved in the management of stuttering feedback in children: therapy is usually characterized providing an environment that encourages slow speech, affording the child time to talk, and modeling slowed and relaxed speech.
The Stuttering Foundation, which provides free resources, services and support to people who stutter, defines stuttering as a "communication disorder" in which speech is disrupted by repetitions ...
High-tech AAC keyboard speech-generating devices are also used; keyguards may be required to prevent accidental keystrokes caused by the tremor typical of the disease. [160] Factors affecting AAC use in Parkinson's disease include motor deficits and cognitive changes; the latter may result in unawareness of their problems with spoken communication.
For many children and adolescents, this can present as issues with academics. [4] Speech disorders affect roughly 11.5% of the US population, and 5% of the primary school population. [5] Speech is a complex process that requires precise timing, nerve and muscle control, and as a result is susceptible to impairments.
ASHA has cited that 24.1% of children in school in the fall of 2003 received services for speech or language disorders—this amounts to a total of 1,460,583 children between 3 –21 years of age. [14] Additional ASHA prevalence figures have suggested the following: Stuttering affects approximately 4% to 5% of children between the ages of 2 and 4.
Stephen Hawking (1942–2018), astrophysicist and prominent SGD user. Speech-generating devices (SGDs), also known as voice output communication aids, are electronic augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems used to supplement or replace speech or writing for individuals with severe speech impairments, enabling them to verbally communicate. [1]