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MFM images of 3.2 Gb and 30 Gb computer hard-drive surfaces. Comparison of Faraday-effect image (left) and MFM image (inset, lower-right) of a magnetic film. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a variety of atomic force microscopy, in which a sharp magnetized tip scans a magnetic sample; the tip-sample magnetic interactions are detected and used to reconstruct the magnetic structure of the ...
The alternating magnetic field induces an electric field in the pickup coils of the VSM. [4] The current is proportional to the magnetization of the sample - the greater the induced current, the greater the magnetization. As a result, typically a hysteresis curve will be recorded [5] and from there the magnetic properties of the sample can be ...
SGMs were developed in the late 1990s from atomic force microscopes. Most importantly, these had to be adapted for use at low temperatures, often 4 kelvins or less, as the samples under study do not work at higher temperatures. Today an estimated number of eleven research groups worldwide use the technique.
This means that individual atoms can routinely be imaged and manipulated. Most scanning tunneling microscopes are built for use in ultra-high vacuum at temperatures approaching absolute zero, but variants exist for studies in air, water and other environments, and for temperatures over 1000 °C. [5] [6] Scanning tunneling microscope operating ...
A high temperature Scanning SQUID Microscope using a YBCO SQUID is capable of measuring magnetic fields as small as 20 pT (about 2 million times weaker than the Earth's magnetic field). The SQUID sensor is sensitive enough that it can detect a wire even if it is carrying only 10 nA of current at a distance of 100 μm from the SQUID sensor with ...
The force at which the bond breaks up is measured. Since mechanical breaking is a kinetic, stochastic process, the breaking force is not an absolute parameter, but it is a function of both temperature and pulling speed. Low temperatures and high pulling speeds correspond to higher breaking forces.
Lorentz microscopy is a collection of transmission electron microscopy techniques used to study magnetic domain structures down to the nanoscale. [9] Most common techniques include Fresnel mode, Foucault mode and low-angle electron diffraction (LAD) in parallel beam TEM mode, and differential phase contrast (DPC) in scanning TEM
Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that maps the local temperature and thermal conductivity of an interface. The probe in a scanning thermal microscope is sensitive to local temperatures – providing a nano-scale thermometer.
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