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The case originally considered by Carl Friedrich Gauss was the quadratic Gauss sum, for R the field of residues modulo a prime number p, and χ the Legendre symbol.In this case Gauss proved that G(χ) = p 1 ⁄ 2 or ip 1 ⁄ 2 for p congruent to 1 or 3 modulo 4 respectively (the quadratic Gauss sum can also be evaluated by Fourier analysis as well as by contour integration).
In number theory, quadratic Gauss sums are certain finite sums of roots of unity. A quadratic Gauss sum can be interpreted as a linear combination of the values of the complex exponential function with coefficients given by a quadratic character; for a general character, one obtains a more general Gauss sum.
In mathematics, the Gross–Koblitz formula, introduced by Gross and Koblitz expresses a Gauss sum using a product of values of the p-adic gamma function. It is an analog of the Chowla–Selberg formula for the usual gamma function. It implies the Hasse–Davenport relation and generalizes the Stickelberger theorem.
The Hasse–Davenport relations, introduced by Davenport and Hasse , are two related identities for Gauss sums, one called the Hasse–Davenport lifting relation, and the other called the Hasse–Davenport product relation. The Hasse–Davenport lifting relation is an equality in number theory relating Gauss sums over different fields.
In mathematics, an elliptic Gauss sum is an analog of a Gauss sum depending on an elliptic curve with complex multiplication. The quadratic residue symbol in a Gauss sum is replaced by a higher residue symbol such as a cubic or quartic residue symbol, and the exponential function in a Gauss sum is replaced by an elliptic function.
Gauss originally used the Gaussian binomial coefficients in his determination of the sign of the quadratic Gauss sum. [3] Gaussian binomial coefficients occur in the counting of symmetric polynomials and in the theory of partitions. The coefficient of q r in (+)
In mathematics, Gauss congruence is a property held by certain sequences of integers, including the Lucas numbers and the divisor sum sequence. Sequences satisfying this property are also known as Dold sequences, Fermat sequences, Newton sequences, and realizable sequences. [ 1 ]
The Gauss sum (,) can thus be written as a linear combination of Gaussian periods (with coefficients χ(a)); the converse is also true, as a consequence of the orthogonality relations for the group (Z/nZ) ×. In other words, the Gaussian periods and Gauss sums are each other's Fourier transforms.