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The Kipchak–Cuman confederation spoke a Turkic language (Kipchak languages, Cuman language) [26] whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Cuman, and Latin.
The Codex Cumanicus is composed of several Cuman–Kipchak dialects. [140] The Cumans' language was a form of Kipchak Turkic and was, until the 14th century, a lingua franca over much of the Eurasian steppes. [141] [142] A number of Cuman–Kipchak–Arabic grammar glossaries appeared in Mamluk lands in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is ...
Cuman-Kipchak statue, 12th-13th century, Ukraine. Hence, Cumania diocese became part of the superior archbishopric of Esztergom, determining King Béla IV of Hungary to add "Rex Cumaniae" (King of Cumania) [ 10 ] to his titles in 1228, and later to grant asylum to the Cumans in face of the Mongol invasion.
Kipchak "balbal" in Dnipro. The most typical and notable feature of Kimak-Kipchak and Cuman culture are the kurgan stelae or balbals, erected at sanctuaries with square fencing of rough stone and gravel. In the 6th through 9th centuries similar sanctuaries with statues of deceased ancestors were built by the Göktürks and Uyghurs.
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It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi, [a] and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation. [ 9 ] After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Blue Horde ) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s.
Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 1067–1239; ... as the Medieval Kipchak dialectal sound-change /k/ > ∅ had not yet happened in the mid-7th century Old Turkic, ...
The Cuman-Kipchak confederation played a significant role in the history of many nations in the region, including Georgia. At the peak of this power, from the 12th to the 13th centuries, Georgian monarchs enlisted thousands of Kipchak/Cuman mercenaries and effectively utilized their services in conflicts against neighboring Muslim states.