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Bipolar cells receive synaptic input from either rods or cones, or both rods and cones, though they are generally designated rod bipolar or cone bipolar cells. There are roughly 10 distinct forms of cone bipolar cells, however, only one rod bipolar cell, due to the rod receptor arriving later in the evolutionary history than the cone receptor ...
Bipolar cells convey impulses from photoreceptors (rods and cones) to ganglion cells, [6] which in turn transport the visual signals to the brain through the optic nerve. Bipolar cells come in two varieties, having either an on-center or an off-center receptive field, each with a surround of the opposite sign. The off-center bipolar cells have ...
Like all animal cells, the cell body of every neuron is enclosed by a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipid molecules with many types of protein structures embedded in it. [12] A lipid bilayer is a powerful electrical insulator, but in neurons, many of the protein structures embedded in the membrane are electrically active. These include ion ...
Bipolar disorder is a long-term mood disorder characterized by major fluctuations in mood — both high and low — that can impact daily functioning and behavior. ... it’s been used off-label ...
Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of manic (elevated) and depressed mood.While the exact cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder remain unknown, ongoing research focuses on uncovering its biological origins.
AII amacrine cells serve the critical role of transferring light signals from rod photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells (which contain the axons of the optic nerve). The AII amacrine cells are unique because they work primarily with the vertical transmission of information, meaning they connect the bipolar and ganglion cells.
The bipolar cells then transmit the signals from the photoreceptors or the horizontal cells, and pass it on to the ganglion cells directly or indirectly (via amacrine cells). I have moved the note to the talk page, as it clearly belongs here, and replaced it with a dispute tag .
In similar manner, in the human retina, the initial photoreceptor cells and the next layer of cells (comprising bipolar cells and horizontal cells) do not produce action potentials; only some amacrine cells and the third layer, the ganglion cells, produce action potentials, which then travel up the optic nerve. [citation needed]