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In Australia, T. vulpis was the most common nematode in adult dogs, with a prevalence of 41%. [11] In red foxes, the frequency of infestation is 0.5%. [17] [18] The disease-causing effect of T. vulpis is moderate. Infected dogs show diarrhea that is bloody, in less severe cases interspersed with mucus.
Although many other parasitic thread worms cause diseases in living organisms (sterilizing or otherwise debilitating their host), entomopathogenic nematodes are specific in only infecting insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) live parasitically inside the infected insect host, and so they are termed as endoparasitic.
Gnathostoma spinigerum is a parasitic nematode that causes gnathostomiasis in humans, also known as its clinical manifestations are creeping eruption, larva migrans, Yangtze edema, Choko-Fuschu Tua chid and wandering swelling. [citation needed] Gnathostomiasis in animals can be serious, and even fatal.
One species, Ascaris lumbricoides, affects humans and causes the disease ascariasis. Another species, Ascaris suum, typically infects pigs. Other ascarid genera infect other animals, such as Parascaris equorum, the equine roundworm, and Toxocara and Toxascaris, which infect dogs and cats. Their eggs are deposited in feces and soil.
Toxocara canis (T. canis, also known as dog roundworm) is a worldwide-distributed helminth parasite that primarily infects dogs and other canids, but can also infect other animals including humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The name is derived from the Greek word toxon 'bow, quiver' and the Latin word caro 'flesh'. [ 3 ]
Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a condition in humans caused by the migratory larvae of certain nematodes, humans being a dead-end host, and was first reported in 1952. [1] Nematodes causing such zoonotic infections are Baylisascaris procyonis , [ 2 ] Toxocara canis , [ 3 ] Toxocara cati , [ 3 ] and Ascaris suum . [ 4 ]
The Anisakidae are a family of intestinal nematodes (roundworms). The larvae of these worms can cause anisakiasis when ingested by humans, in raw or insufficiently cooked fish. Anisakidae worms can infect many species of fish, birds, mammals and even reptiles. [1] They have some traits that are common with other parasites.
In terms of feeding strategy, Nacobbus is classified as a false root-knot nematode because it is both migratory endoparasitic and sedentary endoparasitic. [4] It is the only known nematode to do so; all others employ either one strategy or the other. In Nacobbus, each strategy is employed at different stages in the life cycle. [5]