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  2. List of chemistry mnemonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemistry_mnemonics

    The order of sequence of atomic orbitals (according to Madelung rule or Klechkowski rule) can be remembered by the following. [2] Order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule. Each diagonal red arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l.

  3. Bond order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order

    In chemistry, bond order is a formal measure of the multiplicity of a covalent bond between two atoms. As introduced by Gerhard Herzberg, [1] building off of work by R. S. Mulliken and Friedrich Hund, bond order is defined as the difference between the numbers of electron pairs in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.

  4. Molecular orbital diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram

    The σ from the 2p is more non-bonding due to mixing, and same with the 2s σ. This also causes a large jump in energy in the 2p σ* orbital. The bond order of diatomic nitrogen is three, and it is a diamagnetic molecule. [12] The bond order for dinitrogen (1σ g 2 1σ u 2 2σ g 2 2σ u 2 1π u 4 3σ g 2) is three because two electrons are now ...

  5. Natural bond orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_bond_orbital

    In quantum chemistry, a natural bond orbital or NBO is a calculated bonding orbital with maximum electron density.The NBOs are one of a sequence of natural localized orbital sets that include "natural atomic orbitals" (NAO), "natural hybrid orbitals" (NHO), "natural bonding orbitals" (NBO) and "natural (semi-)localized molecular orbitals" (NLMO).

  6. Intrinsic bond orbitals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_Bond_Orbitals

    The combination of IBO analysis with other computational methods, such as natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis for a Ti-catalyzed pyrrole synthesis [20] or natural localized molecular orbital (NLMO) analysis for an intramolecular cycloaddition of a phosphaalkene to an arene has likewise led to insightful results regarding the specifics of the ...

  7. Sextuple bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextuple_bond

    MO diagram of dimolybdenum. A sextuple bond is a type of covalent bond involving 12 bonding electrons and in which the bond order is 6. The only known molecules with true sextuple bonds are the diatomic dimolybdenum (Mo 2) and ditungsten (W 2), which exist in the gaseous phase and have boiling points of 4,639 °C (8,382 °F) and 5,930 °C (10,710 °F) respectively.

  8. Chemical structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure

    Phosphorus pentoxide chemical structure in 2D. A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds. Its determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid.

  9. Isovalent hybridization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovalent_hybridization

    In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bond formation when the molecular geometry deviates ...