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An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
Nasal insufflation is the most common method of nasal administration. Other methods are nasal inhalation and nasal instillation. Drugs administered in this way can have a local effect or a systemic effect. The time of onset for systemic drugs delivered via nasal administration is generally only marginally slower than if given intravenously.
Nasal delivery of this gel demonstrated increased drug concentration in the brain. [17] Oxytocin is a hormone which is observed to alleviate anxiety symptoms in people with autism. Intranasal administration indicated efficient transfer of pharmacologically active oxytocin from nasal cavity to brain. [18]
Midazolam is known to cause respiratory depression. In healthy humans, 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam may cause respiratory depression, which is postulated to be a central nervous system (CNS) effect. [48] When midazolam is administered in combination with fentanyl, the incidence of hypoxemia or apnea becomes more likely. [49]
A medical professional applies nose drops. Nasal administration, popularly known as snorting, is a route of administration in which drugs are insufflated through the nose.It can be a form of either topical administration or systemic administration, as the drugs thus locally delivered can go on to have either purely local or systemic effects.
Typical Oral Dosage Formulations (mg) Approx. Equivalent Oral Dose to 10 mg Diazepam [b] (mg) Peak Onset of Action (hours) Elimination Half-life of Active Metabolite (hours) Primary Therapeutic Use Adinazolam: Deracyn: Research chemical: 1–2: 3: anxiolytic, antidepressant: Alprazolam
Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time, as well as its water solubility, which reduces pain upon injection. Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used. Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect.
Drug administration via the nasal cavity yields rapid drug absorption and therapeutic effects. [33] This is because drug absorption through the nasal passages does not go through the gut before entering capillaries situated at tissue cells and then systemic circulation and such absorption route allows transport of drugs into the central nervous ...