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The total volume of water in rivers is estimated at 2,120 km 3 (510 cu mi), or 0.49% of the surface fresh water on Earth. [2] Rivers and basins are often compared not according to their static volume, but to their flow of water, or surface run off. The distribution of river runoff across the Earth's surface is very uneven.
The standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of that body. For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as G(m 1 + m 2), or as GM when one body is much larger than the other: = (+).
As of December 2015, the confirmed liquid water in the Solar System outside Earth is 25–50 times the volume of Earth's water (1.3 billion km 3), [10] i.e. about 3.25–6.5 × 10 10 km 3 (32.5 to 65 billion km 3) and 3.25–6.5 × 10 19 tons (32.5 to 65 billion billion tons) of water.
Earth's density varies considerably, between less than 2700 kg/m 3 in the upper crust to as much as 13 000 kg/m 3 in the inner core. [13] The Earth's core accounts for 15% of Earth's volume but more than 30% of the mass, the mantle for 84% of the volume and close to 70% of the mass, while the crust accounts for less than 1% of the mass. [13]
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
The total mass of Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 18 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. At any given time, about 2 × 10 13 tonnes of this is in the form of water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere (for practical purposes, 1 cubic metre of water weighs 1 tonne).
km3 km 3: US spelling: cubic kilometer: 1.0 km 3 (0.24 cu mi) cubic hectometre: hm3 hm 3: US spelling: cubic hectometer: 1.0 hm 3 (35,000,000 cu ft) cubic decametre: dam3 dam 3: US spelling: cubic dekameter: 1.0 dam 3 (35,000 cu ft) cubic metre: m3 m 3: US spelling: cubic meter one kilolitre 1.0 m 3 (35 cu ft) cubic decimetre: dm3 dm 3: US ...
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%). [23] Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor , clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and ...