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Another Early Jurassic frog is Vieraella herbsti, which is known only from dorsal and ventral impressions of a single animal and was estimated to be 33 mm (1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) from snout to vent. Notobatrachus degiustoi from the middle Jurassic is slightly younger, about 155–170 million years old.
The dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) (also known as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (PCML) is the major sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (body position) from the skin and joints.
This research included the muscular response to opiates and static electricity, for which experiments the spinal cord and rear legs of a frog were dissected out together and the skin removed. In 1781, [5] an observation was made while a frog was being dissected.
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Dissection of a frog. Pain is an aversive sensation and feeling associated with actual, or potential, tissue damage. [1] It is widely accepted by a broad spectrum of scientists and philosophers that non-human animals can perceive pain, including pain in amphibians.
The sensory decussation or decussation of the lemnisci is a decussation (a crossing over) of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus, known together as the dorsal column nuclei. The dorsal column nuclei are responsible for fine touch, vibration, proprioception and two-point discrimination.
Hypaxial refers to ventral muscles and related structures while epaxial refers to more dorsal muscles. The horizontal septum divides these two regions in vertebrates from cyclostomes to gnathostomes. In terrestrial chordates , the myomeres become fused as well as indistinct, due to the disappearance of myosepta.
The posterior thoracic nucleus is a major relay center for unconscious proprioception.Sensory information from muscle spindles and tendon organs is carried by axons of larger neurons in dorsal root ganglia, which synapse onto neurons in the spinal cord including the posterior thoracic nucleus.