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The characteristic impedance () of an infinite transmission line at a given angular frequency is the ratio of the voltage and current of a pure sinusoidal wave of the same frequency travelling along the line. This relation is also the case for finite transmission lines until the wave reaches the end of the line.
Equivalent circuit of an unbalanced transmission line (such as coaxial cable) where: 2/Z o is the trans-admittance of VCCS (Voltage Controlled Current Source), x is the length of transmission line, Z(s) ≡ Z o (s) is the characteristic impedance, T(s) is the propagation function, γ(s) is the propagation "constant", s ≡ j ω, and j 2 ≡ −1.
A transmission line is drawn as two black wires. At a distance x into the line, there is current I(x) travelling through each wire, and there is a voltage difference V(x) between the wires. If the current and voltage come from a single wave (with no reflection), then V(x) / I(x) = Z 0, where Z 0 is the characteristic impedance of the line.
A time-domain reflectometer; an instrument used to locate the position of faults on lines from the time taken for a reflected wave to return from the discontinuity.. A signal travelling along an electrical transmission line will be partly, or wholly, reflected back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line, or if ...
L networks for narrowband matching a source or load impedance Z to a transmission line with characteristic impedance Z 0. X and B may each be either positive (inductor) or negative (capacitor). If Z/Z 0 is inside the 1+jx circle on the Smith chart (i.e. if Re(Z/Z 0)>1), network (a) can be used; otherwise network (b) can be used. [2]
In the field of radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering, by far and away the most common transmission line standard is 50 Ω coaxial cable (coax), which is an unbalanced line. 50 Ω first arose as a nominal impedance during World War II work on radar and is a compromise between two requirements. This standard was the work of the wartime ...
The ratio of the line input voltage to the voltage a distance further down the line (that is, after one section of the equivalent circuit) is given by a standard voltage divider calculation. The remainder of the line to the right, as in the characteristic impedance calculation, is replaced with Z 0 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z_{0}} , [ 19 ] [ 20 ]
SWR is used as a measure of impedance matching of a load to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line carrying radio frequency (RF) signals. This especially applies to transmission lines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, as well as similar uses of RF cables such as cable television connections to TV receivers and distribution amplifiers.
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