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First-preference votes are used by psephologists and the print and broadcast media to broadly describe the state of the parties at elections and the swing between elections. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The term is much-used in Australian politics, where ranked voting has been universal at federal, state, and local levels since the 1920s.
Preferential voting or preference voting (PV) may refer to different election systems or groups of election systems: Any electoral system that allows a voter to indicate multiple preferences where preferences marked are weighted or used as contingency votes (any system other than plurality or anti-plurality )
[1]: 14 Voters are modeled as having an ideal point in this space and preferring candidates closer to this point over those who are further away; these kinds of preferences are called single-peaked. The most common example of a spatial model is a political spectrum or compass , such as the traditional left-right axis, [ 2 ] but issue spaces can ...
In a voting system that uses multiple votes (Plurality block voting), the voter can vote for any subset of the running candidates. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. Approval voting uses such multiple votes. In a voting system that uses a ranked vote, the voter ranks the candidates in order of ...
Research on gender differences in voting has historically focused on economically advanced, western-style democracies, though there is a growing body of research on women's voting preferences in lower income nations. [34] Research has demonstrated that gender differences in voting exist worldwide. [26]
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Voting methods that limit the number of allowed ranks also fail the criterion, because the addition of clones can leave voters with insufficient space to express their preferences about other candidates. For similar reasons, ballot formats that impose such a limit may cause an otherwise clone-independent method to fail.
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