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Allyl chloride is produced by the chlorination of propylene. At lower temperatures, the main product is 1,2-dichloropropane, but at 500 °C, allyl chloride predominates, being formed via a free radical reaction: CH 3 CH=CH 2 + Cl 2 → ClCH 2 CH=CH 2 + HCl. An estimated 800,000 tonnes were produced this way in 1997. [4]
All three allylamines, mono-, di-, and triallylamine, are produced by the treating allyl chloride with ammonia followed by distillation. [3] Or by the reaction of allyl chloride with hexamine. [4] Pure samples can be prepared by hydrolysis of allyl isothiocyanate. [5] It behaves as a typical amine. [6]
It is a byproduct in the chlorination of propene to make allyl chloride. [5] It is usually obtained as a mixture of the geometric isomers, called (Z)-1,3-dichloropropene, and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene. Although it was first applied in agriculture in the 1950s, at least two biodegradation pathways have evolved.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
The Gmelin rare earths handbook lists 1522 °C and 1550 °C as two melting points given in the literature, the most recent reference [Handbook on the chemistry and physics of rare earths, vol.12 (1989)] is given with 1529 °C.
In 1844, Theodor Wertheim isolated an allyl derivative from garlic oil and named it "Schwefelallyl ". [3] [4] The term allyl applies to many compounds related to H 2 C=CH−CH 2, some of which are of practical or of everyday importance, for example, allyl chloride. Allylation is any chemical reaction that adds an allyl group to a substrate. [1]
Allyl alcohol can also be made by the rearrangement of propylene oxide, a reaction that is catalyzed by potassium alum at high temperature. The advantage of this method relative to the allyl chloride route is that it does not generate salt. Also avoiding chloride-containing intermediates is the "acetoxylation" of propylene to allyl acetate:
2, a heavy yellow liquid which on immersion in a mixture of salt and ice could not be solidified and was probably the first report of room-temperature ionic liquid. [12] [13] Later in 1914, Paul Walden reported one of the first stable room-temperature ionic liquids ethylammonium nitrate (C 2 H 5) NH + 3 · NO − 3 (m.p. 12 °C). [14]