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Its use later on during pregnancy also increases the risk of preterm labour (odds ratio: 1.51) and low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.67). [17] [18] Animal studies have yielded similarly discouraging results. [3] It appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding as long as the baby is healthy. [19]
It is given by injection into a vein. [3] Common side effects include headache, inflammation at the site of injection, nausea, diarrhea, liver inflammation, and low blood potassium. [3] Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis, seizures, and Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea. [3] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe. [4]
Gentamicin is not recommended in pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks for the mother. Gentamicin can cross the placenta and several reports of irreversible bilateral congenital deafness in children have been seen. Intramuscular injection of gentamicin in mothers can cause muscle weakness in the newborn. [15]
It is a first-line treatment for amebiasis or giardiasis during pregnancy. [3] Otherwise, it is generally a second line treatment option. [3] It is taken by mouth, applied to the skin, or by injection into a muscle. [3] Common side effects when taken by mouth include loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. [3]
Antibiotics have been used to prevent and treat these infections—however, the misuse of antibiotics is a serious problem for global health. [2] It is recommended that guidelines be followed that outline when it is appropriate to give antibiotics and which antibiotics are most effective.
Kanamycin A, [2] often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis. [3] It is not a first line treatment. [3] It is used by mouth, injection into a vein, or injection into a muscle. [3] Kanamycin is recommended for short-term use only, usually from 7 to 10 days. [3]
Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic, used to treat bacterial infections, [4] including pneumonia, conjunctivitis, endocarditis, tuberculosis, and sinusitis. [4] [5] It can be given by mouth, by injection into a vein, and as an eye drop.
Signs and symptoms of ACEi and ARB use during pregnancy include kidney damage or failure, oligohydramnios, anuria, joint contractures, and hypoplasia of the skull. [58] Common, alternative agents for high blood pressure in pregnant women include anti-adrenergic and beta-blocking medications, such as methyldopa or metoprolol, respectively.