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They provide various marine animals with food, protection, and shelter which keep generations of species alive. [13] Furthermore, coral reefs are an integral part of sustaining human life through serving as a food source (i.e., fish and mollusks) as well as a marine space for ecotourism which provides economic benefits. [14]
A 2020 study reports that by 2050 global warming could be spreading in the deep ocean seven times faster than it is now, even if emissions of greenhouse gases are cut. Warming in mesopelagic and deeper layers could have major consequences for the deep ocean food web, since ocean species will need to move to stay at survival temperatures. [69] [70]
A diversity of corals. Coral reef protection is the process of modifying human activities to avoid damage to healthy coral reefs and to help damaged reefs recover. The key strategies used in reef protection include defining measurable goals and introducing active management and community involvement to reduce stressors that damage reef health.
Marine mammals are a food source in many countries around the world. Historically, they were hunted by coastal people, and in the case of aboriginal whaling , still are. This sort of subsistence hunting was on a small scale and produced only localised effects.
One of the main goals of the four-fold expansion of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was to promote the conservation of marine biodiversity in the U.S. EEZ. Scientific studies have shown that underwater mountains, or seamounts, are rich in biodiversity as they provide a structure for animals to live on. [7]
This additional level of variety in the environment is beneficial to many types of coral reef animals, which for example may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding. [32] Coastal habitats are the most visible marine habitats, but they are not the only important marine habitats.
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[13] [14] Less well-known targets of poaching include the harvest of protected plants and animals for souvenirs, food, skins, pets, and more. [15] Poaching causes already small populations to decline even further as hunters tend to target threatened and endangered species because of their rarity and large profits.