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Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the minimum possible, so that the slope of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate is zero.
The proportionality constant was called an affinity constant, k. The equilibrium condition for an "ideal" reaction was thus given the simplified form [] [] = ′ [′] [′] [A] eq, [B] eq etc. are the active masses at equilibrium. In terms of the initial amounts reagents p,q etc. this becomes
The definition of the Gibbs function is = + where H is the enthalpy defined by: = +. Taking differentials of each definition to find dH and dG, then using the fundamental thermodynamic relation (always true for reversible or irreversible processes): = where S is the entropy, V is volume, (minus sign due to reversibility, in which dU = 0: work other than pressure-volume may be done and is equal ...
[11] Assume two products B and C form in a reaction: a A + d D → b B, a A + d D → c C. In this case, K eq can be defined as ratio of B to C rather than the equilibrium constant. When B / C > 1, B is the favored product, and the data on the Van 't Hoff plot will be in the positive region.
Under pure thermodynamic reaction control, when the equilibrium has been reached, the product distribution will be a function of the stabilities G°. After an infinite amount of reaction time, the ratio of product concentrations will equal the equilibrium constant K eq and therefore be a function of the difference in Gibbs free energies,
From January 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when Daniel M. Dickinson joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a 23.5 percent return on your investment, compared to a -2.8 percent return from the S&P 500.
However, complex disordered systems such as a spin glass show an even more complicated form of ergodicity breaking where the properties of the thermodynamic equilibrium state seen in practice are much more difficult to predict purely by symmetry arguments. Also conventional glasses (e.g. window glasses) violate ergodicity in a complicated manner.
Pakistan has recalled opening batter Imam-ul-Haq for the two-test series against the West Indies starting in Multan at next week. Imam played his last test match against Australia in December 2023 ...