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In this Java example, the Printer class has a print method. This print method, rather than performing the print itself, forwards to an object of class RealPrinter. To the outside world it appears that the Printer object is doing the print, but the RealPrinter object is the one actually doing the work.
Node.js programs are invoked by running the interpreter node interpreter with a given file, so the first two arguments will be node and the name of the JavaScript source file. It is often useful to extract the rest of the arguments by slicing a sub-array from process.argv .
The entity referred to thus depends on the execution context (such as which object has its method called). Different programming languages use these keywords in slightly different ways. In languages where a keyword like "this" is mandatory, the keyword is the only way to access data and methods stored in the current object.
When implementing multiple interfaces that contain a method with the same name and taking parameters of the same type in the same order (i.e. the same signature), similar to Java, C# allows both a single method to cover all interfaces and if necessary specific methods for each interface. C# also offers function overloading (a.k.a. ad-hoc ...
C# 6.0 and above have ?., the null-conditional member access operator (which is also called the Elvis operator by Microsoft and is not to be confused with the general usage of the term Elvis operator, whose equivalent in C# is ??, the null coalescing operator) and ?[], the null-conditional element access operator, which performs a null-safe call of an indexer get accessor.
The method Print in class Box, by invoking the parent version of method Print, is also able to output the private variables length and width of the base class. Otherwise, these variables are inaccessible to Box. The following statements will instantiate objects of type Rectangle and Box, and call their respective Print methods:
PHP defines the "magic methods" __getand__set for properties of objects. [9] In this example of a simple class representing a student with only the name stored, one can see the variable name is private, i.e. only visible from the Student class, and the "setter" and "getter" is public, namely the getName() and setName('name') methods.
As a precursor to the lambda functions introduced in C# 3.0, C#2.0 added anonymous delegates. These provide closure-like functionality to C#. [3] Code inside the body of an anonymous delegate has full read/write access to local variables, method parameters, and class members in scope of the delegate, excepting out and ref parameters.