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The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic distance scale) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects. A direct distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are "close enough" (within about a thousand parsecs ) to Earth.
Distance measures are used in physical cosmology to give a natural notion of the distance between two objects or events in the universe.They are often used to tie some observable quantity (such as the luminosity of a distant quasar, the redshift of a distant galaxy, or the angular size of the acoustic peaks in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum) to another quantity that is ...
The Euclidean distance is the prototypical example of the distance in a metric space, [10] and obeys all the defining properties of a metric space: [11] It is symmetric, meaning that for all points and , (,) = (,). That is (unlike road distance with one-way streets) the distance between two points does not depend on which of the two points is ...
In standard cosmology, comoving distance and proper distance (or physical distance) are two closely related distance measures used by cosmologists to define distances between objects. Comoving distance factors out the expansion of the universe , giving a distance that does not change in time except due to local factors, such as the motion of a ...
In Euclidean space, the distance from a point to a plane is the distance between a given point and its orthogonal projection on the plane, ...
A cosmological horizon is a measure of the distance from which one could possibly retrieve information. [1] This observable constraint is due to various properties of general relativity, the expanding universe, and the physics of Big Bang cosmology. Cosmological horizons set the size and scale of the observable universe. This article explains a ...
Distance moduli are most commonly used when expressing the distance to other galaxies in the relatively nearby universe.For example, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is at a distance modulus of 18.5, [2] the Andromeda Galaxy's distance modulus is 24.4, [3] and the galaxy NGC 4548 in the Virgo Cluster has a DM of 31.0. [4]
Measuring the distance to Messier 106 using its supermassive black hole, combined with measurements of eclipsing binaries in the Large Magellanic Cloud. 2019-07-16 69.8 ± 1.9: Hubble Space Telescope [80] [81] [82] Distances to red giant stars are calculated using the tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) distance indicator. 2019-07-10 73.3 +1.7 ...