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Urticaria can be acute or chronic, spontaneous or inducible. A weal (or wheal) is a superficial skin-coloured or pale skin swelling, usually surrounded by erythema that lasts anything from a few minutes to 24 hours. Urticaria can co-exist with angioedema which is a deeper swelling within the skin or mucous membranes.
Urticaria pigmentosa is a form of cutaneous mastocytosis in which there are brown macules and papules. Urticaria pigmentosa is mostly seen in infants and improves with age. It may also arise in adults when it tends to persist. Lesions may affect trunk and limbs, and less often scalp and face.
Acute urticaria can be induced by the following factors but the cause is not always identified. Acute viral infection — an upper respiratory infection, viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis. Acute bacterial infection — a dental abscess, sinusitis, mycoplasma. Food allergy (IgE mediated) — usually milk, egg, peanut, shellfish.
Urticaria refers to a group of conditions in which weals (hives) or angioedema (swelling) develop in the skin. It is very common in children. A weal is a superficial swelling, usually pale or skin-coloured. It is often surrounded by an area of erythema and can last from a few minutes to 24 hours.
Chronic spontaneous urticaria refers to chronic urticaria that has no specific cause or trigger. Weals are present on most days of the week for 6 weeks or more. Chronic spontaneous urticaria was previously referred to as chronic idiopathic urticaria. This term is no longer used as many cases have an autoimmune basis.
Cholinergic urticaria is a common chronic inducible urticaria that is characterised by the presence of short-lived transient hives (itchy bumps) due to stimuli that induce sweating. It typically presents with small, raised 1–4 mm wheals which last for 15–30 minutes. It is also sometimes referred to as cholinergic angioedema urticaria or ...
Chronic urticaria describes transient weals coming and going for more than 6 weeks. Urticaria. Urticaria in skin of colour. Urticarial rash in skin of colour. Angioedema is more often localised. It commonly affects the face (especially presenting as swollen eyelids and lips), hands, feet, and genitalia.
Contact urticaria should be distinguished from contact dermatitis where a dermatitis reaction develops hours to days after contact with the offending agent. Contact urticaria can be immunological (due to allergy) or non-immunological. It is a form of inducible urticaria and can be acute or chronic. Venison reaction. Prick testing.
In chronic inducible urticaria, weals generally appear about 5 minutes after the stimulus and last from a few minutes up to 2 hours. The weals may change shape before resolving — they may be round, and form rings or a map-like pattern. Characteristically, weals are: Linear in symptomatic dermographism.
Drug-induced urticaria is the term used when urticaria is caused by a drug, most often penicillin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID), or sulfamethoxasole in combination with trimethoprim (see Sulfa drugs and the skin). The drug may be ingested or applied to the skin surface (contact urticaria). The clinical features and treatment ...