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The Z-factor defines a characteristic parameter of the capability of hit identification for each given assay. The following categorization of HTS assay quality by the value of the Z-Factor is a modification of Table 1 shown in Zhang et al. (1999); [2] note that the Z-factor cannot exceed one.
MammaPrint is a prognostic and predictive diagnostic test for early stage breast cancer patients that assess the risk that a tumor will metastasize to other parts of the body. [1] It gives a binary result, high-risk or low-risk classification, and helps physicians determine whether or not a patient will benefit from chemotherapy.
Age is the biggest risk factor for breast cancer. The risk of getting breast cancer increases with age. A woman is more than 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s. [4] The risk over a woman's lifetime is, according to one 2021 review, approximately "1.5% risk at age 40, 3% at age 50, and more than 4% at age ...
The advantage of the Z-factor over the S/N and S/B is that it takes into account the variabilities in both compared groups. As a result, the Z-factor has been broadly used as a QC metric in HTS assays. [citation needed] The absolute sign in the Z-factor makes it inconvenient to derive its statistical inference mathematically.
A study of radiation risk from mammography concluded that for women 40 years of age and older, the risk of radiation-induced breast cancer was minuscule, particularly compared with the potential benefit of mammographic screening, with a benefit-to-risk ratio of 48.5 lives saved for each life lost due to radiation exposure. [41]
About 75-80% of all cancers in the United States are preventable, if risk factors are avoided [4] (also see (Cancer prevention). Obesity appears to be the third most important risk factor for cancer in the United States, just behind tobacco and diet (see Figure). Obesity is the source of about 15% of all preventable cancers. [5] [6] [7]
The Oncotype DX® breast cancer assay is one such test used to predict the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence. This test is intended for women with early-stage (Stage I or II), node-negative, estrogen receptor -positive (ER+) invasive breast cancer who will be treated with hormone therapy .
A physical exam of the breast is one of the three tests that is scored that is a part of a triple test score. [12] A clinical breast examination (CBE) is different from a breast self-exam because a CBE is conducted by a physician during an appointment whereas a self-exam is recommend to be conducted monthly by patients at home.