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The term "biguanidine" often refers specifically to a class of drugs that function as oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. [4] Examples include: Metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2; Phenformin - withdrawn from the market in most countries due to toxic effects
Structure of chlorhexidine, a bisbiguanide antiseptic.. Bisbiguanides are a class of chemically related compounds known for their bactericidal properties. Generally considered to be of the generic formula: R 1 R 2 N.C(:NR 6)NH.C(:NH)NH.CH 2 X--(CH 2) 3 NH.C(:NH)NH.C(:NR 7)NR 3 R 4 V. [1] These compounds include the antiseptics chlorhexidine and alexidine.
In the modern era, plant-based drugs have been isolated, purified and synthesised anew. Synthesis of drugs has led to novel drugs, including those that have not existed before in nature, particularly drugs based on known drugs which have been modified by chemical or biological processes.
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Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedure is repeated until simple or commercially available structures are reached. These simpler/commercially available compounds can be used to form a synthesis of the target molecule. Retrosynthetic analysis was used as early as 1917 in Robinson's Tropinone total synthesis. [1]
Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin (June 17, 1925 – June 2, 2014) [1] was an American biochemist, broad researcher of synthetic psychoactive compounds, and author of works regarding these, who independently explored the organic chemistry and pharmacology of such agents—in his mid-life and later, many through preparation in his home laboratory, and testing on himself. [2]
The synthesis reported by Bodwell/Li (racemic, 2002) was a formal synthesis as it produced a compound already prepared by Rawal (no. 5 in the Rawal synthesis). The key step was an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of cyclophane 1 by heating in N,N-diethylaniline (dinitrogen is expulsed) followed by reduction of double bond in 2 to ...
A detailed crystallographic analysis of guanidine was elucidated 148 years after its first synthesis, despite the simplicity of the molecule. [6] In 2013, the positions of the hydrogen atoms and their displacement parameters were accurately determined using single-crystal neutron diffraction. [7]