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Cell Transmission Model (CTM) is a popular numerical method proposed by Carlos Daganzo [1] to solve the kinematic wave equation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Lebacque [ 4 ] later showed that CTM is the first order discrete Godunov approximation.
Liquid water and ice emit radiation at a higher rate than water vapour (see graph above). Water at the top of the troposphere, particularly in liquid and solid states, cools as it emits net photons to space. Neighboring gas molecules other than water (e.g. nitrogen) are cooled by passing their heat kinetically to the water.
This model was largely replaced in the 1991 recommendations of ICRP 60 by radiation weighting factors that were tied to the particle type and independent of LET. ICRP 60 revised the quality factor function and reserved it for use with unusual radiation types that did not have radiation weighting factors assigned to them.
Radiation exposure through ionizing radiation (IR) affects a variety of processes inside of an exposed cell. IR can cause changes in gene expression, disruption of cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic cell death. The extent of how radiation effects cells depends on the type of cell and the dosage of the radiation.
The penetration depth of X-rays in water as function of photon energy. Penetration depth is a measure of how deep light or any electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the radiation inside the material falls to 1/ e (about 37%) of its original value at (or more properly, just ...
The goal of radiation therapy is to deliver energy, generally in the form of ionizing radiation, to cancerous tissue while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. Monte Carlo modeling is commonly employed in radiation therapy to determine the peripheral dose the patient will experience due to scattering, both from the patient tissue as well as scattering from collimation upstream in the linear ...
The Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs (RRTM-G) is an accelerated version of RRTM that provides improved efficiency with minimal loss of accuracy for application to general circulation models. The latter divides the solar spectrum into 14 bands within which a total of 112 pseudo-monochromatic calculations are performed, and in the thermal ...
The eukaryotic cell cycle is very complex and is one of the most studied topics, since its misregulation leads to cancers. It is possibly a good example of a mathematical model as it deals with simple calculus but gives valid results. Two research groups [1] [2] have produced several models of the cell cycle simulating several organisms. They ...