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Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism).
Cell growth is subject to changes in disease state and/or environmental conditions. This chapter will focus on methods for cell growth measurement, which are grouped into five sections: cell cycle, apoptosis, growth curve, drug-induced proliferation (DIP), and continuous assays.
The population growth rate is an important characteristic of any cell culture. During sustained experiments, the growth rate may vary due to competition or adaptation. For instance, in presence of a toxin or a drug, an increasing growth rate indicates that the cells adapt and become resistant.
The purpose of a growth rate measurement is to determine the rate of change in the number of cells in a culture per unit time. This requires estimating the cell density at a series of time points.
Early molecular biology experiments showed that in cells stimulated with serum growth factors, rates of RNA and protein synthesis jumped dramatically many hours before the initiation of DNA replication, revealing a primary effect of growth signaling on cell metabolism.
For instance, the growth rate of the entire population (g) can be obtained by using an automatic cell counter or a spectrophotometer to measure the optical density of the cell culture. The growth rates of the active subpopulation (g c) and the arrest rates (g r) can be determined from image analysis of single-cell time-lapse microscopy data ...
Understanding the principles that guide anabolic metabolism may ultimately enhance ways to treat diseases that involve deregulated cell growth and proliferation, such as cancer.
Cell growth and proliferation expose cells to a new set of stresses associated with meeting the supply demands of anabolic growth while retaining sufficient bioenergetics and redox regulation to maintain viability.
This behavior involves modulation of G1 or S-G2 duration and modulation of growth rate. The precise combination of these mechanisms depends on the cell type and the growth condition.
Here, through a quantitative physiological study of Escherichia coli cell cycles over an extensive range of growth rates, we report that neither dogma holds in either the slow- or...