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Ureteroscopy is an examination of the upper urinary tract, usually performed with a ureteroscope that is passed through the urethra and the bladder, and then directly into the ureter. [1] The procedure is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders such as kidney stones and urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. [ 1 ]
Three-dimensional reconstructed CT scan image of a ureteral stent in the left kidney (indicated by yellow arrow). There is a kidney stone in the pyelum of the lower pole of the kidney (higher red arrow) and one in the ureter beside the stent (lower red arrow).
Laser lithotripsy (LL) has been evaluated against Extracorporeal Shock Wave lithotripsy (ESWL), finding both to be safe and effective. [3] [4] ESWL may be safer for small stones (<10 mm), but less effective for 10–20 mm stones. [3] A 2013 meta-analysis found LL can treat larger stones (> 2 cm) with good stone-free and complication rates. [5]
A urethrotomy is an operation which involves incision of the urethra, especially for relief of a stricture.It is most often performed in the outpatient setting, with the patient (usually) being discharged from the hospital or surgery center within six hours from the procedure's inception.
The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was Hampton Young in 1929. [30] This was improved on by VF Marshall who is the first published use of a flexible endoscope based on fiber optics , which occurred in 1964. [ 30 ]
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Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra.It is carried out with a cystoscope.. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
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